Hegemoni pendidikan kolonial dan munculnya amtenar Bumiputra di Jawa (1900–1932)

Abstract

Colonial education not only produced educated individuals who openly resisted the colonial government but also those who chose to become civil servants (ambtenaar). This study aims to examine the forms of educational hegemony during the colonial period and its influence on the emergence of Bumiputra ambtenaar in Java. Employing historical methods, this research utilizes secondary sources such as scholarly articles, theses, and books, as well as primary sources like the newspapers De Indische Courant, Sin Jit Po, and others. The findings reveal that hegemonic aspects in education manifested through the inculcation of values aligned with colonial interests, such as work skills, loyalty, and a Western-oriented education system, while avoiding elements that might challenge the status quo. This hegemonic education led educated Bumiputra to prefer becoming ambtenaar rather than openly resisting the colonial government. However, ambtenaar did not always remain servants of the colonial administration. Mockery, wage discrimination, and exposure to anti-colonial ideologies eventually led some ambtenaar to turn against the colonial system. Thus, colonial education did not solely produce two static actors— those who complied or those who resisted—but also created a dynamic group whose behavior could shift depending on specific situations and conditions.